Wire and arc additive manufacturing (WAAM) is considered to be an economic and efficient technology that is suitable to produce large-scale metallic components. Administrative decision-making across the organizations and the conflict between maximizing military and commercial potential are the key challenges in maintaining joint-capability systems of hybrid organizations. However, the different primary goals of the military and commercial organizations and the contractual base of the hybrid organization impose constraints on the capability development process. The initial concept shows that AM can increase the performance of the commercially backed Military Logistic System by mitigating the risks of spare parts shortage in case of supply line disturbances and by facilitating localized spare parts production.
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Then, we utilized an existing, structured capability model used by the FDF (DOTMLPFI) and its individual change drivers to form an initial concept of AM as a part of the hybrid organization in question. First, with a literature review, we sought to link the capability development processes and the change drivers within them in both military and commercial contexts. In this study, the internal and external effects and requirements of Additive Manufacturing in the context of the hybrid organization of The Finnish Defence Forces (FDF) and its strategic partner in Maintenance, Repair, Overhaul (MRO), and Millog Oy were studied. Extreme outsourcing of key capabilities has created complex and deep hybrid organizations between armed forces and the private sector. Monitoring the interlayer temperature is crucial in WAAM in order to maintain a constant temperature level along multiple layers for meeting the requirements for the geometry of the part and enabling near-net-shape manufacturing.Īdditive Manufacturing (AM) has the potential to revolutionize key aspects of Military Logistics and partnerships between governmental and industrial organizations. It was observed that a constant interlayer dwell time led to geometric irregularities in the part height and width. In addition, the influence of the temperature management on the geometric quality characteristics of the part was investigated. Thermal imaging was implemented during the manufacturing process, allowing the analysis of different interlayer dwell times and their effect on the interlayer temperatures. This paper presents the cause-effect relationships between the interlayer temperature and the dwell times to enable a suitable temperature management. The temperature distribution, especially the interlayer temperature in the part, is determined by the parameter settings as well as by the dwell times and can be monitored. Due to the recurring energy input into the part during WAAM, adequate thermal management is crucial. During the process, the wire electrode is melted continuously or in a pulsating mode and deposited layer-by-layer onto a substrate. Wire and Arc Additive Manufacturing (WAAM) is a promising technology for the fabrication of large metal parts. This indicates that the developed methodology could reduce the number of iterations during the design process, and the result is a decrease in the overall time spent on the project, avoiding problems during the final stages of the design. The procedure demonstrates the benefits of adopting GD synergistically with AM in the early stages of product development. The evaluation method is deployed in an aerospace field case study.
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This paper presents a general methodology for evaluating the GD outputs in the conceptual phase of design, to select the best possible solution through a series of criteria at several levels.
GD is based on parametric computer-aided design (CAD) tools capable of generating multiple optimized outputs, among which the designer could select the most promising solution. Generative Design (GD) may represent an opportunity to maximize the potential of AM techniques.
This scenario includes innovative production processes such as Additive Manufacturing (AM), a technology capable of producing a component layer-by-layer directly from the 3D model, without the need of specific tools. Since the advent of Industry 4.0, the manufacturing sector has had to face new challenges, which have required the development of new skills and innovative tools.
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